2.07.2007

VOASE0207_Health Report

07 February 2007
For Some Patients, Brain Damage Cures Cigarette Addiction

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This is the VOA Special English Health Report.


Chemical dependency can result from many things: alcohol, caffeine, illegal drugs like cocaine, legal drugs like pain killers. But one of the most difficult dependencies to break is also one of the most common: smoking. The body becomes addicted to the nicotine in tobacco. Now, researchers may have found an important link in the brain to smoking addiction.

Scientists at the University of Southern California and the University of Iowa studied thirty-two former smokers. All of the men and women had brain injuries as a result of strokes.

Half of them reported that they were able to give up cigarettes quickly and easily after they suffered the brain damage. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that twelve of those sixteen patients had suffered damage to a part of the brain called the insula.

The insula is found near the ear. Experts believe it somehow brings together emotional experience and sensory information with some activities like breathing. Experiments have suggested that the insula has a lot to do with the experience of pain and some basic emotions like fear, anger and happiness.

The patients in the study had all smoked at least five cigarettes a day for two years. One of the sixteen who reported that they quit smoking immediately and without effort had smoked as many as forty a day.

Antoine Bechara was one of the leaders of the study. He and co-author Hanna Damasio work at the Brain and Creativity Institute, a new center at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. The other authors of the study were Nasir Naqvi and David Rudrauf of the University of Iowa.

Antoine Bechara says the insula is not the only area of the brain involved in cigarette addiction. He says many parts of the brain are connected with substance dependency. But he says damage to the insula does seem to destroy a necessary link in the smoking addiction.

The patients did not lose all dependencies -- they still had a normal desire for food, for example. This may suggest that the insula is more responsible for dependencies that come from a learned pleasure, like smoking. And the researchers say their discovery may point to a weak spot in smoking addiction.

They say it could lead to better ways to help people stop smoking -- but much more research is needed. The findings appeared in Science magazine.

And that's the VOA Special English Health Report, written by Caty Weaver. You can find transcripts of our reports and audio files at voaspecialenglish.com. I'm Barbara Klein.

VOASE0206_Explorations

06 February 2007
New Interests Help Older Adults Keep Mentally Active and Learn About the World

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VOICE ONE:

I'm Doug Johnson.

VOICE TWO:

Art Workshops in Guatemala offers students a chance to learn about art while experiencing Guatemalan culture

And I'm Barbara Klein with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English. Today in our series about continuing education for older adults we tell about organizations that provide different kinds of learning experiences throughout the world.

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VOICE ONE:

Liza Fourre was a professional photographer from Minneapolis, Minnesota. She traveled to many countries taking pictures. She fell in love with the people and culture of Guatemala and began living there part of the year.

Art Workshops in Guatemala offers a chance to learn about art and experience the local culture

Eleven years ago she started a program called Art Workshops in Guatemala. She says she is happy she is able to give others a chance for a life-changing experience of living and learning in another culture.

Miz Fourre believes that when you experience a culture different from your own you expand your world artistically and in other ways. She says the goal of Art Workshops in Guatemala is to open peoples’ eyes to another way of living.

VOICE TWO:

The program offers workshops in weaving, photography, art and culture. Some of the teachers are local. For example, a native woman teaches backstrap weaving, a Mayan Indian tradition. Others are expert writers, artists or photographers who want to help people gain new skills while learning about Guatemala.

Most of the art workshops are held in Antigua, a small, beautiful city. The Spanish built the city in the highlands of Guatemala in the fifteen hundreds. Colonial style buildings are painted in soft colors of green, blue and pink.

The workshops usually are eight days long. The cost includes a room in a small central hotel and a big breakfast every day. The cost also includes transportation to other places in Guatemala including Lake Atitlan, which is surrounded by volcanoes.

VOICE ONE:

Liza Fourre organizes fifteen to twenty workshops each year. There are no more than ten people in each workshop. They get a chance to meet and interact with people who live in Guatemala.

Many people who take the workshops are older than sixty. Some are in their eighties and nineties. Miz Fourre says the older adults who take workshop classes are very independent. They do not like to travel with a large group. They want to experience a different culture, not just travel through a country. They are retired and have time to learn a new skill, or improve an old one.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

A woman in her early sixties was thinking about retiring from her job as a writer. She found out about Art Workshops in Guatemala. She had a new camera and wanted to learn more about photography. So she signed up for a workshop where she would spend days taking pictures of the light and color of Guatemala.

There were only a few people in the class. The members of the group worked separately in the early morning hours. They photographed the colorful buildings and the activities in the market and central plaza area. They met for breakfast with members of a larger workshop group. These people were learning about different kinds of weaving done by the native people of Guatemala.

VOICE ONE:

During the middle of the day, the photographers met to discuss methods and look at the pictures they had taken the day before. Later they took more pictures of the buildings in Antigua or the villages around Lake Atitlan. They also photographed the native people in their colorful traditional clothes.

Suggestions and advice from the teacher and other students helped the beginning photographer improve her work. The effects of the workshop have lasted. Now that she is retired, she is spending time producing photographs instead of words to express the way she sees the world. And she has returned to Guatemala to learn more about the people and their culture.

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VOICE TWO:

Many people who retire from their jobs immediately start to make plans to travel. They now have the time and energy to explore new places. Yet many older adults are looking for more than just visiting famous places in a country. They want to experience another culture and learn another language. So they sign up for a language immersion school to learn a language where it is spoken.

AmeriSpan is an organization that offers language learning in many different countries. It began in nineteen ninety-three offering a few Spanish classes through established language schools in Latin America. It now offers language classes through independent schools in about thirty-five countries, from Arabic in Morocco to Chinese in Shanghai. You can learn by yourself with a teacher or as part of a group. Most classes are four hours a day. Students usually stay for one to four weeks or longer.

VOICE ONE:

Beth Klemick is vice-president of AmeriSpan. Miz Klemick says older learners are important because they have the time and resources to spend on learning a language. Some of them are considering retiring in another country and want to try living there for a short time. AmeriSpan calls itself a bridge between cultures. It offers a chance for the language learner to stay with a family. During a homestay, students have to continually speak the language they are learning as they eat and spend time with the family. This means people learn the language much faster than if they were only hearing and speaking it in a classroom. It also means that they often become life-long friends with the family members.

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VOICE TWO:


Earthwatch Institute students work with scientists on research projects throughout the world

Earthwatch Institute students work with scientists on research projects around the world
Earthwatch offers people the chance to work with leading scientists in many different areas of the world on environmental projects. It is one of the largest non-profit supporters of research in the world. Its goal is to let people around the world help with research projects so they will support and help educate others about actions needed to protect the environment.

Earthwatch began in nineteen seventy-one. Since then it has supported almost one thousand five hundred projects in about one hundred twenty countries. More than eighty thousand people from hundreds of countries have paid for their own travel and shared in the costs of the research projects. Volunteers pay from a few hundred dollars to more than four thousand dollars to take part in projects that last from two days to twenty-one days.

VOICE ONE:

Philip Johannsen is editor of Earthwatch Institute. He says about twenty percent of Earthwatch volunteers are at least sixty years old. Mister Johannsen says the older volunteers are interested in all kinds of projects. For example, they take part in teams digging in archeology projects or observing and recording the activities of endangered animals. The research teams include people of all ages from sixteen to more than eighty years old.

Mister Johannsen says Earthwatch is expecting the number of volunteers to increase as the baby boomers born after World War Two retire. He says there are no limits on the number of people that are needed. Earthwatch Institute is always beginning new research projects as environmental issues develop around the world.

VOICE TWO:

In two thousand six, Earthwatch supported more than one hundred fifty research projects in about fifty countries. Volunteers paid more than four million dollars to support the projects.

Earthwatch volunteers can choose from many different kinds of research throughout the world. Many projects are in Africa. In Kenya, for example, volunteers map where water holes are and test the quality of the water supply used by people and animals. Or they talk to the native Samburu people to find out about their use of plants for medicine and then help identify and record the plants. Or they gather information about the movement and food supply of the black rhinoceros whose numbers have dropped from twenty thousand to five hundred in thirty years.

In Thailand, volunteers dive underwater to help record the condition of the coral reefs in the Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea. An archeology project in Thailand involves helping dig up the buried ruins of an ancient settlement.

VOICE ONE:

Earthwatch says about thirty percent of the volunteers return to work on another project. Some have taken part in more than fifty projects. Older adults say that taking part in an active research project is an exciting way to continue learning while doing something that makes a difference in the world.

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VOICE TWO:

This program was written by Marilyn Christiano. It was produced by Mario Ritter. I’m Barbara Klein.

VOICE ONE:

And I’m Doug Johnson. You can read scripts and download audio of our programs at our Web site, voaspecialenglish.com. Listen again next week for EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English.

每月飘过必经之帖


1月合辑制作完毕,包括2007年1月 的全部内容,Words and Their Stories的内容也收录其中。
决定把合辑在电驴上发布,所以早在几天前就给VeryCD写了封“自吹自擂+诚意恳切”的账号申请函。一连两天都没回应,我以为又像几年前不睬我(当时我写的申请理由是“偶要下载XXX”)。皇天不负有心人,VeryCD看了我改头换面后,终于发给我一封邮件账号审核通过,偶这才得以好好改造,重新做人。从今以后要做个好人阿~往后每月初,我会制作发布上月合辑,请大家支持。
源的地址(需复制到地址栏,需安装eMule)是:ed2k://|file|VOASE0701.iso|336232448|BFEE0D3803A4A18E921292D31CB8FB68|h=64Y7EB4AVJVXX7V32ID2Q47PLJZUPOMH|/
正期待VeryCD上的帖加精。。。
最近学习任务很忙,身边牛人的表现让我颇受打击,人比人吓死人,偶要刻苦了,所以Today in History可能不多更新了,虽然这是Blog上我最喜欢的一部分(读上一遍,歧意自现。老实说,翻得真破。。。)。
还有,你要是对这张帖的简写标签动什么歪脑筋的话,就拿脑袋往墙上拍拍吧。。。